A unification that would last until 332 BC when Alexander the Great, of ancient Macedonia, conquered Egypt. These settlements split into upper and lower kingdoms until circa 3150 BC, when the Pharaoh Menes (Narmer) unified the land with the creation of the capital city of Memphis. The origins of perhaps the most instantly recognizable of all ancient cultures today date back to a pre-dynasty Egypt when early groups began to settle along the Nile and farm the land. This great civilization reached its final decline in 539 BC when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Mesopotamia. Perhaps the earliest civilization in the world whose influence we still feel today as the first writing called cuneiform came from the Mesopotamians and by 3500 BC they had invented the wheel. Mesopotamia (in what is today Iraq) about 7,000 years ago gave rise to the legendary Sumerians and the Akkadian, who would go on to create the great Babylonian, and Assyrian empires. The site dates back around 9000 years, believed to be the precursor of the Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilization at an early Neolithic stage, but was abandoned around 2600 BC, when people migrated to other areas. On the Kacchi Plain of west-central Pakistan, at the base of the Hindu Kush Mountains lies the archeological site of Mehrgarh. We may never be sure exactly what happened, but who knows what new clues await? Mehrgarh (7000- 2600 BC) We don’t know what happened to this society or why they abandoned the place. With the discovery of agriculture, we see much larger agglomerations of people living together, around 9000 during its height circa 7000 BC. Located near Konya in Turkey is the excavation site of the first agricultural city in the world, Çatalhöyük. What was the purpose of the structure? Who was the inhabitance? Why was it abandoned? These are just some of the as-yet-unanswered questions of Göbekli Tepe. Built some 12,000 years ago, predating the Great Pyramid at Giza by 7,000 years and Stonehenge by 6,000 years, placing it in the pre-pottery Neolithic period.
If you travel to the highest point of the Germus Mountain range of Turkey, you’ll find the archeological site of the world’s first civilization, Göbekli Tepe. Below in chronological order are 10 of the world's first civilizations, some are so old that their languages, their religions, even their origins, remain speculation. For hundreds of thousands of years, humans were nomads, hunting, and gathering, moving around the landscape, until around 10,000 and 7,000 BC, things changed.
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